Associations between Smoking, Intrauterine Device Uptake, and Ectopic Pregnancy: A Meta Analysis

[摘要] Background: Ectopic pregnancy is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality,estimated to occur in approximately 1-2% of pregnancies worldwide. Smoking and history of usingintrauterine devices are risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. This study aims to estimate themagnitude of the relationship between smoking and a history of using intrauterine devices on theincidence of ectopic pregnancy based on a number of previous primary studies.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The articles used inthis study were obtained from several databases, including: PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect which were published from 2000-2020. The inclusion criteria used are full text articles withCase Control design. The keywords used to search for articles were as follows: smoking AND"ectopic pregnancy" AND multivariate; "use of intrauterine device" AND "ectopic pregnancy" ANDmultivariate; smoking OR cigarette AND “use of intrauterine device” AND “ectopic pregnancy” OR“tubal pregnancy” AND multivariate. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams andanalyzed using the Review Manager 5.3.Results: A meta-analysis of 7 articles showed that women of reproductive age who smoked had a2.20 times risk of ectopic pregnancy compared to women of reproductive age who did not smoke(aOR= 2.20; 95% CI= 1.45 to 3.34; p= 0.002). A meta-analysis of 9 articles showed that women ofreproductive age with a history of using intrauterine devices had a 2.28 times risk of ectopicpregnancy compared to women of reproductive age who did not use intrauterine devices (aOR=2.28; 95% CI= 1.74 to 2.98; p<0.001).Conclusion: Smoking and a history of using intrauterine devices increase the risk of ectopicpregnancy.

[学科分类] 食品科学和技术

[关键词] smoking;intrauterine contraceptives;ectopic pregnancy;meta-analysis