Osteoporosis: current screening methods, novel techniques, and preoperative assessment of bone mineral density

[摘要] Osteoporosis is “a disease characterisedby low bone mass and micro-architecturaldeterioration of bone tissue, leading toenhanced bone fragility and a consequentincrease in fracture risk”.1 While it is knownto be a multifactorial metabolic disease ofthe bone,1 the exact pathoaetiology remainsunclear.2 One recent development is the'gut-bone axis' theory which proposes acritical role of the gut microbiome and itsmetabolites in the development of osteoporosis.2,3 It is defined radiologically as a dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) score >2.5 standard deviations below the youngadult mean.1 It is estimated that there are2.7million fragility fracture presentationsannually within the European Union, culminating in €37.5 billion in healthcare costs.

[学科分类] 骨科学

[关键词] Osteoporosis;Fragility fracture;Imaging;bone mineral density (BMD);Cortical bone;plain radiographs;hip fractures;distal radius;Bone quality;osteoporotic fractures;fragility fractures;forearms