Observation of spermatozoa by a high-magnification microscope

[摘要] Background: Diabetes mellitus is an important health problem in the world. Pre-diabetes is a state of blood sugar levels above normal but below the criteria for diabetes. American Diabetes Association (ADA) uses criteria for hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels of 5.7% to 6.4% to define pre-diabetes. The prevalence of pre-diabetes was the highest in overweight individuals. In many studies, body fat levels were assessed by indicators of waist-pelvic circumference, abdominal circumference, and BMI. Among the three, it is still a debate which is more influential on the condition of pre-diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of waist-pelvic circumference, BMI, and abdominal circumference in pre-diabetes. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Prodia Clinic, Surakarta, Central Java, from January to March 2019. A sample of 200 study subjects was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was pre-diabetes. The independent variables were the waist-pelvic circumference, BMI, and abdominal circumference. The data on HbA1C was measured by NGSP standardized ion-exchange HPLC method. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: Abdominal circumference >90 cm in men and >80 cm in women (b= 0.87; 95% CI= 0.23 to 1.51; p= 0.008) and age ≥45 years old (b = 1.70; 95% CI = 0.93 to 2.46; p 90 cm in men and >80 cm in women and age ≥45 years old are directly increased pre-diabetes. Pre-diabetes is indirectly affected by waist–pelvic circum­ference, gender, and obesity.

[学科分类] 工业工程学

[关键词] DIC Male infertility Semen analysis Sperm motility analysis system Sperm nuclear vacuole