Optimizing 4 years of CO 2 biospheric fluxes from OCO-2 and in situ data in TM5: fire emissions from GFED and inferred from MOPITT CO data

[摘要] Column mixing ratio of carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) data alone do not provide enough information for source attribution. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of inefficient combustion often co-emitted with CO 2 . CO data can then provide a powerful constraint on fire emissions, supporting more accurate estimation of biospheric CO 2 fluxes. In this framework and using the chemistry transport model TM5, a CO inversion using Measurements of Pollution in The Troposphere (MOPITT) v8 data is performed to estimate fire emissions which are then converted into CO 2 fire emissions (called FIREMo) through the use of the emission ratio. These optimized CO 2 fire emissions are used to rebalance the CO 2 net ecosystem exchange (NEEMo) and respiration (RhMo) with the global CO 2 growth rate. Subsequently, in a second step, these rebalanced fluxes are used as priors for a CO 2 inversion to derive the NEE and ocean fluxes constrained either by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) v9 or by in situ (IS) CO 2 data. For comparison purpose, we also balanced the respiration using fire emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3 (GFED3) and version 4.1s (GFED4.1s). We hence study the impact of CO fire emissions in our CO 2 inversions at global, latitudinal, and regional scales over the period 2015–2018 and compare our results to the two other similar approaches using GFED3 (FIRE3) and GFED4.1s (FIRE4) fires, as well as with an inversion using both Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA)-GFED3 NEE and GFED3 fire priors (priorCMS). After comparison at the different scales, the inversions are evaluated against Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data. Comparison of the flux estimates shows that at the global scale posterior net flux estimates are more robust than the different prior flux estimates. However, at the regional scale, we can observe differences in fire emissions among the priors, resulting in differences among the NEE prior emissions. The derived NEE prior emissions are rebalanced in concert with the fires. Consequently, the differences observed in the NEE posterior emissions are a result of the balancing with fires and the constraints provided by CO 2 observations. Tropical net flux estimates from in situ inversions are highly sensitive to the prior flux assumed, of which fires are a significant component. Slightly larger net CO 2 sources are derived with posterior fire emissions using either FIRE4 or FIREMo in the OCO-2 inversion, in particular for most tropical regions during the 2015 El Niño year. Similarly, larger net CO 2 sources are also derived with posterior fire emissions in the in situ data inversion for Tropical Asia. Evaluation with CO 2 TCCON data shows lower biases with the three rebalanced priors than with the prior using CASA-GFED3. However, posteriors have average bias and scatter very close each other, making it difficult to conclude which simulation performs better than the other. We observe that the assimilated CO 2 data have a strong influence on the global net fluxes among the different inversions. Inversions using OCO-2 (or IS) data have similar emissions, mostly as a result of the observational constraints and to a lesser extent because of the fire prior used. But results in the tropical regions suggest net flux sensitivity to the fire prior for both the IS and OCO-2 inversions. Further work is needed to improve prior fluxes in tropical regions where fires are a significant component. Finally, even if the inversions using the FIREMo prior did enhance the biases over some TCCON sites, it is not the case for the majority of TCCON sites. This study consequently pushes forward the development of a CO– CO 2 joint inversion with multi-observations for a possible stronger constraint on posterior CO 2 fire and biospheric emissions.

[学科分类] 医学（综合）