Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

[摘要] The field of theranostics has been rapidly growing in recent years and nanotechnology has played a major role in this growth.Nanomaterials can be constructed to respond to a variety of different stimuli which can be internal (enzyme activity, redoxpotential, pH changes, temperature changes) or external (light, heat, magnetic fields, ultrasound). Theranostic nanomaterials canrespond by producing an imaging signal and/or a therapeutic effect, which frequently involves cell death. Since ultrasound (US) isalready well established as a clinical imaging modality, it is attractive to combine it with rationally designed nanoparticles for theranostics. The mechanisms of US interactions include cavitation microbubbles (MBs), acoustic droplet vaporization, acoustic radiation force, localized thermal effects, reactive oxygen species generation, sonoluminescence, and sonoporation. These effects canresult in the release of encapsulated drugs or genes at the site of interest as well as cell death and considerable image enhancement.The present review discusses US-responsive theranostic nanomaterials under the following categories: MBs, micelles, liposomes(conventional and echogenic), niosomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanocapsules, dendrimers, hydrogels,nanogels, gold nanoparticles, titania nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, fuel-free nano/micromotors.

[学科分类] 环境监测和分析

[关键词] smart nanomaterials;sonodynamic therapy;sonoporation;theranostics;ultrasound;ultrasound responsive nanomaterials