Rethinking individual relationships with entities of nature

[摘要] 1. Recognizing variation in human–nature relationships across different contexts,entities of nature and individual people is central to an equitable managementof nature and its contributions to people, and to design effective strategies forencouraging and guiding more sustainable human behaviour.2. We complement the broader Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform onBiodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) conceptual framework by zooming in from relationships between people and nature to individual relationshipswith entities of nature (IREN), and introduce a new typology that categorizesthose relationships based on individual attitude, behavioural preference andbehaviour towards an entity. These three dimensions illustrate if an individualperceives the entity to provide mainly positive, negative or no contributions;prefers to have a mainly positive, negative or no impact on the entity; and performs mainly actions with positive, negative or no impacts on the entity.3. The IREN typology defines 17 overarching relationship types, including not onlytypes where attitude, behavioural preference and behaviour are all negative (intolerance), all neutral (indifference) or all positive (stewardship), but also typeswhere the valence of some dimensions diverges. Among those, we integrate andredefine established types like tolerance, and introduce new ones like ambivalent opposition, which is highly relevant for the management of overabundant orinvasive species.

[学科分类] 护理学

[关键词] attitude;behaviour;human–nature relationships;human–wildlife relations;nature's contributions to people;relational values;sustainability;tolerance