Multiyear emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from cooking, fireworks, sacrificial incense, joss paper burning, and barbecue as well as their key driving forces in China

[摘要] There has been controversy regarding the air pollutants emitted from sourcesclosely related to the activities of daily life in China, such as cooking, setting off fireworks,sacrificial incense and joss paper burning, and barbecue (which have been named the fivemissing sources – FMSs), and the extent to which they impact the outdoor air quality. To date, due to thelack of both an activity dataset and emission factors, there have been no estimations of the emission of air pollutants from FMSs. In this work, we have attempted tocombine questionnaire data, various statistical data, and data on pointsof interest to obtain a relatively complete set of activity data. Theemission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous aerosols were tested in our lab.Emission inventories of carbonaceous aerosols with a highspatial–temporal resolution for FMSs were then established, and thespatial variation trend and driving forces were discussed. From 2000 to2018, organic carbon (OC) emissions were in the range of 4268–4919 t.OC emissions from FMSs were between 1.5 ‰ and 2.2 ‰ of the totalemissions in China. Black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), andbrown carbon (BrC) absorption cross-section (ACS BrC ) emissions from FMSs werein the ranges of 22.6–43.9 t, 213–324 t, and 14.7–35.6 Gm 2 ,respectively. Their emissions tended to be concentrated in certain periods andareas. The OC emission intensities in central urban areas were 3.85–50.5times those in rural areas (due to the high density of human activity), whilethe ACS BrC emissions in rural regions accounted for 63.0–79.5 % ofthe total emissions (resulting from uncontrolled fireworks). A mass offireworks led to much higher ACS BrC and EC emissions onChinese New Year's Eve, with respective values that were 1444 and 262 times their corresponding yearlyaverages. Significant ( p 0.01 ) correlations between the population'sincome and pollutant emissions were also found: these correlations were positive ( r =0.94 ) and negative ( r = - 0.94 ) for urban and rural regions, respectively, indicating thenecessity to regulate residents' lifestyles and increase residents' income in respective urban andrural regions. This study provides firsthand data toidentify emissions, variation trends, and impacting factors from the FMSs.This is helpful for modeling works on air quality, the climate effect, andhuman health risks during specific periods or in specific regions as well as for modifyingemission control policies. The data compiled in this work can found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19999991.v2 (Cheng et al., 2022).

[学科分类] 眼科学