Halogen cycling and aerosol pH in the Hawaiian marine boundary layer

[摘要] Halogen species(HCl* (primarily HCl), Cl* (including Cl₂ and HOCl), BrO, total gaseous inorganic Br andsize-resolved particulate Cl^- and Br ^-) and related chemical and physical parameters were measured in surface air at Oahu,Hawaii during September 1999. Aerosol pH as a function of particle size was inferred from phase partitioning and thermodynamic propertiesof HCl. Mixing ratios of halogen compounds and aerosol pHs were simulated with a new version of the photochemical box model MOCCA thatconsiders multiple aerosol size bins.

Inferred aerosol pHs ranged from 4.5 to 5.4 (median 5.1, n=22) for super-mm (primarily sea-salt) size fractions and 2.6 to 5.3(median 4.6) for sub-mm (primarilysulphate) fractions. Inferred daytime pHs tended to be slightly lower than those at night, althoughdaytime median values did not differ statistically from nighttime medians. Simulated pHs for most sea-salt size bins were within therange of inferred values.However, simulated pHs for the largest size fraction in the model were somewhat higher (oscillating around 5.9)due to the rapid turnover rates and relatively larger infusions of sea-salt alkalinity associated with fresh aerosols.

Measured mixing ratios of HCl* ranged from <30 to 250 pmol mol^-1 and those forCl* from <6 to 38 pmol mol^-1. Simulated HCl and Cl*(Cl+ClO+HOCl+Cl₂) mixing ratios ranged between 20 and 70 pmolmol^-1 and 0.5 and 6 pmol mol^-1, respectively. AfternoonHCl* maxima occurred on some days but consistent diel cycles for HCl* andCl* were not observed. Simulated HCl did vary diurnally, peaking before dusk and reaching a minimum at dawn. While individual components ofCl* varied diurnally in the simulations, their sum did not, consistent with the lack of a diel cycle in observedCl*.

Mixing ratios of total gaseous inorganic Br varied from <1.5 to 9 pmolmol^-1 and particulate Br ^- deficits varied from 1 to6 pmol mol^-1 with values for both tending to be greater during daytime.SimulatedBr_t and Br ^- mixing ratios and enrichment factors (EFBr) were similar to those observed, with earlymorning maxima and dusk minima.However, the diel cycles differed in detail among the various simulations. In low-salt simulations, halogencycling was less intense, Br ^- accumulated and Br_t andEFBr increased slowly overnight. In higher-salt simulations with more intense halogen cycling,Br ^- and EFBr decreased and Br_t increased rapidly after dusk. Cloud processing, which is notconsidered in this version of MOCCA, may also affect these diel cycles (von Glasow et al., 2003).Measured BrO was never above detectionlimit (~2 pmol mol^-1) during the experiment, however relative changes in the BrO signal during the 3-hour period ending at11:00 local time were mostly negative, averaging -0.3 pmol mol^-1. Both of these results are consistent with MOCCAsimulations of BrO mixing ratios.

Increasing the sea-salt mixing ratio in MOCCA by ~25% (within observed range) led to a decrease inO₃ of ~16%. The chemistry leading to this decrease is complex and is tied toNO_x removal by heterogeneous reactions of BrNO₃ andClNO₃. The sink of O₃ due to the catalytic Cl-ClO andBr-BrO cycles was estimated at -1.0 to -1.5 nmol mol^-1 day^-1, a range similar to that due toO₃ photolysis in the MOCCA simulations.

[学科分类] 大气科学