Seasonal Variation of Energy Sources in the Earth Surface Layer and in the Atmosphere over the Northern Hemisphere

[摘要] Climatic energy sources (or sinks), which consist of local time change of total energy and divergence of total energy flux, are estimated both in the surface layer of the earth and in the atmosphere as residues of the respective energy balance equations over the northern hemisphere for all months.The seasonal variation of the energy sources in the surface layer of the earth shows that extremely strong energy sinks are found in winter and very strong sources in summer both in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. In the Tropical Oceans, there are stationary sources throughout the year, which fact suggests northward energy transport by ocean currents. Energy sources under the ground surface, which consist of the local time change of internal energy and the heat of fusion of ice or snow, have a much smaller amplitude of seasonal varition than that in the oceans. In the high latitudes, the sinks, which are considered to be caused by freezing of soil water, appear in winter and the sources, which are by fusion of ice or snow, appear in summer.The seasonal variation of energy sources in the atmosphere, which means divergence of totalenergy flux by atmospheric motion, shows that strong sources are found in winter and sinks in summer both over the North Pacific Ocean and the North Atlatic Ocean. Over the Tropics there are very strong energy sources through the year. It is found that condensation heat energy mainly contributes to the seasonal variation of energy sources in the atmosphere.

[学科分类] 大气科学