A geohydrological assessment of arsenic as a contaminant in the Jagersfontein area and remediation options

[摘要] English: This thesis aims at geohydrologically assess arsenic in the Jagersfontein area and hence proposing remediation option. The field procedure carried out involved hydrocensus and sampling where samples were collected and analysed for micro and macro parameters with emphasis on arsenic. Isotopic (18O, D (deuterium) and Tritium 3H) analysis was also carried out to characterise the water in terms of its origin, fate and age. A total of 20 boreholes were sampled. Historical data from Bloemwater was also incorporated in the study. According to the chemical analysis, the most abundant cation is magnesium followed by calcium, and the most abundant anion is sulphate. Three different water types were classified; sodium/potassium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and calcium/magnesium bicarbonate. Hence they are from different sources. Sample collected from the mineshaft showed highest arsenic concentration which is higher than the South African National Standards (SANS 241, 2006) guideline for acceptable arsenic concentration in drinking water while all other individual boreholes in the main town of Jagersfontein showed low arsenic concentration (<0.006 mg/l); hence concluding that arsenic contamination comes from the mine. Mine water that has been treated in package plant (JFinal) still shows high arsenic concentration. Water from Kalkfontein dam is being treated in a bigger treatment plant (went operational in July 2012) and mixed with treated mine water. This reduces the arsenic concentration of water to an acceptable level before it is finally supplied to the community. Spearman's correlation coefficient calculated show a weak correlation between arsenic and other chemical parameters and so it is concluded that arsenic and these elements are not of same source implying the source of arsenic is not geogenic. Isotopic analysis shows the water samples plot very close to the global meteoric water line (GMWL) implying the groundwater is meteoric and is derived from the atmosphere. Clustering of the samples around the GMWL hints they might be of the same age. However one sample (surface water sample) plotted away from GMWL and it is attributed to effects of evaporation. The hardness of the water samples is generally high. To solve this problem, individual owners of boreholes add water softeners (chlorine, crystals) to soften the water. There are several techniques available for removal of arsenic from water in large conventional treatment plants. The basic principles of these technologies are based on physical-chemical processes such as oxidation, coprecipitation and adsorption on coagulated flocs, adsorption onto sorptive media, ion exchange, and membrane filtration. Most treatment options need the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) for efficient removal of arsenic. For the case of Jagersfontein, coagulation and filtration technology (FeCl3 as coagulant) will be the best option because it is very efficient in removing arsenic (V) which happens to be the dominant specie in the water. It is the cheapest technique compared to the others and it is also less sophisticated. However what is currently done in Jagersfontein to reduce the concentration of arsenic in water is dilution/mixing. Mine water treated in a package is mixed with treated water from Kalkfontein dam. Water (not arsenic contaminated) from Kalkfontein dam is treated in a bigger treatment plant which went operational in July 2012.

[发布机构] University of the Free State