'n Kritiese bespreking van taalverandering met verwysing na Afrikaans en sy variëteite

[摘要] English: The typological language change that separate the older Germanic languages from themodem Germanic languages, can be seen as a shift of linguistic parameters wheresynchronic variables give an indication of this specific process. This process can bedescribed as the replacement of a synthetic marking system (flexion morphemes) by ananalytical marking system (grammatical words). The variables Gods Woord and DieWoord van God currently used in Afrikaans, are distinguished examples of these twomarking systems. The linguistic parameters influenced by the replacement of the flexionsystem, are also related to syntagmatical variables such as syntactic order (SOV inopposition to SVO) and the position of the qualifier in relation to the qualified within thephase. Compare the position of the phase - the adjective - in the phases of the olderDutch and the modem Afrikaans sentences (the Dutch sentence is taken from a child'sprayer): Ik ben een kindje klijn/ Ek is 'n klein kindjie. These parametric variables areinterconnected and fixed and therefore result in a linguistic paradigm change: inflectivelanguages and analytical languages represent different language typologies and differentperiods in the history of a language - older Germanic and modem Germanic. This is seenas normal language change - a process which can be traced back to the Indo Europeantime. This perspective, however, is only applicable on matured languages. Reduced languageswith the inclusion of inter-languages, which developed through the processes ofpidginization and creolization, as well as the learners' dialects of Afrikaans are notaddressed by this perspective. The typological classification of matured languages(standard forms) in opposition to reduced (restricted) languages is very important in thisregard as the development of Standard Afrikaans from the Dutch of the first colonists wasinfluenced by the inter-language development of the learners' dialects of the Khoikhoiand the Malay slaves. Grammatical and sosiolinguistic variation in the Afrikaans of the mother tongue speakersis therefore broadly classified between Standard Afrikaans en Non-standard Afrikaans.An analysis of the nonnative classification of Super Standard Afrikaans, Formal StandardAfrikaans, Informal Standard Afrikaans and Non-standard Afrikaans is important as theprocesses of standardization have an influence on the vernacular. At this stage it seemsthat Afrikaans has a mixed typology - it is also classified as a non-typical Creolelanguage or as a deflected modem Germanic language showing typical creolisticcharacteri stics.Variation in Afrikaans from a historic perspective is therefore characterized according tothe following three dialects, e.g. Cape Afrikaans, Orange River Afrikaans and theAfrikaans of the Eastern Border. However, certain questions are raised over thischaracterization, especially with regard to the Afrikaans of the Eastern Border as thisdialect is geographically enclosed by its name where as it can be found demographicallyover a larger area. Lastly the focus falls on the reasons for the development of specific Afrikaans as officiallanguage, and how it disowned its ally, Dutch, in its struggle against English. The finaltake-over by English is therefore subtle and crushing. This is described in the book, Theinfluence of English on Afrikaans. A case study of linguistic change in a languagecontact situation by B.C. Donaldson (1991:285): The reaction of those sceptics who donot regard the influence English has had so far on Afrikaans as now being integral to thevely nature of the language and who thus presumably regard some of the tenetspresented in this book as unacceptable, reminds one of the reaction of Afrikaans toChanguion 's publication in 1844 where he suggested that plat Kaapseli was not only themother-tongue of Hottentots and slaves.

[发布机构] University of the Free State