Grammatikale en leksikale verskynsels in die Afrikaans van 'n groep Tswanastudente in Kimberley

[摘要] English: This study examines the Afrikaans of a group of Tswana students (TswaA) at Phatsimang Collegeof Education in Kimberley. The sample group live in a language situation in which they areconstantly exposed to contact with various languages and varieties. A study of grammatical andlexical phenomena in their usage reflects this contact.The aim of this study is to produce a morphological, syntactical and lexical description of theTswaA variety, to determine its typical characteristics and to compare it with Standard Afrikaansand with other languages, such as English, and dialects such as Griqua Afrikaans and CapeAfrikaans. The data base thus compiled can be used in the teaching situation at the college.A short historical background of the Tswana is provided in Chapter 2 in order to explain theinfluence of the course of their history on their use of language and language preferences. Somesocio-economic and linguistic information regarding the Tswana language community is alsoprovided. Chapter 3 outlines the research procedure.The TswaA variety is predominantly the product of language contact; therefore special attention ispaid in Chapter 4 to language modification with specific reference to language contact processes,namely borrowing and interference resulting from incomplete language assimilation. After this,interlanguage theory, mother tongue interference in L2 acquisition, language shifts andpidginisation are discussed. Then the reasons for language shifts, as well as the processes by whichlanguage modifications spread through a community, are examined. Finally, the effect of thiscontact situation on TswaA is briefly reviewed.In Chapters 5, 6 and 7 the written and spoken data obtained from the sample group are examinedand described from the perspectives of morphology, syntax and semantics. Significant differencesfrom Standard Afrikaans, as well as points of correspondence with Griqua Afrikaans and Cape Afrikaans are indicated. With regard to morphology, the formation of plurals, diminutives andcompounds, flexion and derivation are examined. Syntatic variation is discussed with reference toprepositions, pronouns, negation, the infinitive, the article and certain striking phenomena in verb use and word order within sentences. With regard to compounds and derivations, the creation ofnew words is characteristic of the semantic variation in TswaA, as is ingenuity in the creation ofown expressions. Existing South African lexical items undergo broadening of meaning in TswaA tocompensate for limited vocabulary.Typical characteristics found in TswaA reflect the influence of contact with other variaties andlanguages. Contact with Griqua Afrikaans is evident in morphological and syntacticcorrespondence, for example, the double diminutive, the hypercorrect ge- in the formation of thepast tense, foregrounding of the te in the infinitive construction and the heaping up of theconnectives loop and gaan. Constructions which are typical of Cape Afrikaans, but also occur inGA, and which have a high frequency in TswaA, are the use of is and hel in infinitive constructionsinstead ofwees and hê and the weak past tense form gehel instead of gehad.The influence of English is apparent in numerous grammatical phenomena, such as the omission ofthe second nie in negative constructions, the use of prepositions, the use of was in place of is in thepast tense of passive constructions, as well as in the many instances of derivation and borrowingand arbitrary code switches that occur.TswaA is also a learner variety and reveals typical interlanguage characteristics, for exampleperiphrastic marking in the indication of number and diminution, elevation of gender differentiationin the pronominal system, typical periphrastic forms such as prepositional division and the highfrequency of unaltered SVO word order. However, from the absence of other typical interlanguagecharacteristics such as a high frequency ofpassive and copulatory constructions, it would seem thatthis variety has already undergone development and extension Mother tongue interference leads, for example, to direct translation of the mother tongue pattern, ascan be seen in the anaphoric use of the pronoun and noticeable differences in word order fromStandard Afrikaans.These findings can serve as a data base and as guidelines in the teaching situation at the PhatsimangCollege. of Educati on.

[发布机构] University of the Free State