Geslagsverskille in persoonlikheid, prestasiemotivering en loopbaanankers by entrepreneurs

[摘要] English: During the late 1960's, the South African economy started to stagnateand this situation has continued until the present day. Since the midseventiesthe economy of the USA has moved from a managementeconomy to a entrepreneurial economy. Employment in the USA inthe decade between 1974 and 1984 rose by 24 million. Since the1960's the focus of employment and economic growth has moved fromthe large manufacturing sector to medium and small business sector.Small businesses comprises approximately 75% of the Japanese and50% of the American economy. In South Africa the participation of thegovernment on all levels of the economy was detrimental to the totaleconomy. During the years of Apartheid even the white populationwas so indoctrinated by the idea of the Total Onslaught and thestopping thereof, that no serious consideration was given to theestablishment of small businesses or the development ofen trepreneurshi p.According to the literature, entrepreneurship is a very complexphenomenon and attempts to understand it according to thepsychological characteristics of the entrepreneur has made it evenmore complex. In the literature it is clear that there is much confusionabout what entrepreneurship is and the exact psychologicalcharacteristics of entrepreneurs are. Only through research can thepsychological characteristics of entrepreneurs be more clearlyunderstood. Through this understanding the right climate for thedevelopmen t of entrepreneurs can be developed.Further it can be clearly seen that there is a shortage of recentinformation and research on female entrepreneurs as well as on thepsychological characteristics of female entrepreneurs. In the literatureit can also be seen that the identification of the characteristics ofentrepreneurs is very important for the identification ofentrepreneurial potential and the development of these characteristicsin non-entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs.In this study a comparison has been made between male and femaleentrepreneurs on personality, achievement motivation and careerorientations to determine if any significant statistical differences exist.In the literature study attention was given to entrepreneurship, thesocial and psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs, personality,achievement motivation and career orientations. In every chapter ofthe literature study attempts were made to give as wide a theoreticalperspective as possible as well as showing the relationship betweenmale and female entrepreneurs on each of the constructs. In this study questionnaires were used to gather the researchinformation of the 81 respondents. The questionnaires that have beenused are more specifically the Career Anchors Inventory of Schein(1990), the 16 Personality Factor questionnaire (16-PF) of Cattell, theAchievement Motivation questionnaire (AMQ) and a self-developedbiographical questionnaire. The statistical techniques that have beenused to determine the differences between male and femaleentrepreneurs on personality, achievement motivation and careerorientations are the t-test and stepwise discriminant analysis.The results of the study have shown that there are significantstatistical differences between male and female entrepreneurs onpersonality and career orientations. The results of this study showthat female entrepreneurs are more likely to take risks than are maleentrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs got significantly higher scores onthe Lifestyle- integration career orientations than femaleentrepreneurs. This could be a significant finding as the Lifestyleintegrationorientation is one of the career anchors that have beenidentified in the literature as a preference of female entrepreneurs.Further it can be said that the three constructs, personality,achievement motivation and career anchors, can be used as good'..predictors of group membership of male and female entrepreneurs. .To summarize it can be said that differences exist between male andfemale entrepreneurs as far as personality, achievement motivationand career orientations are concerned. In actual fact these differencesare not as large as one came to expect them to be from the literature.Further research is necessary as a variety of differences between theliterature and the results of this study have been found.

[发布机构] University of the Free State