Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) exhibits effects on cell proliferation. Here, VIP, as well as the related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), promoted human keratinocyte division. Stearyl-Nle17-VIP (SNV) was identified as a superior mitogen for the keratinocytic cell line, HaCaT, both in potency (fM–nM concentrations) and efficacy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected in keratinocytes only PACAP mRNA and the relevant type 1 (VPAC1R) and type 2 (VPAC2R) receptors, while VIP and the third receptor (PAC1) transcripts were absent. Upon serum deprivation of HaCaT, the VPAC1R mRNA was apparently increased, while the VPAC2R transcript remained constant. Incubation of HaCaT with VIP or SNV increased nitric oxide and cGMP formation. In contrast to VIP, SNV did not augment cAMP. Thus, the paracrine VIP, and autocrine PACAP, related pathways leading to keratinocyte proliferation may involve VPAC1R/VPAC2R and nitric oxide/cGMP production.
