Tactile Maps and Mapping

[摘要] Whilethe new millennium delivered significant advances for map-making and mapacquisition, with a focus on maps production for digital and two-dimensionalprinted maps, acquiring and producing tactile map can still be a challenge. Inaddition, the tactile mapping community is mostly untouched by the cartographicadvances made over the past two-thousand years. And these advances provide thefoundation for many cartographic standards and conventions used by large-scaleproducers of maps in the United States. This paper has three aspects to itspurpose: (a) to identify the cartographic communication process and some of thecartographic conventions that have been systematically developed, tested, andapplied to maps; (b) to argue that the tactile mapmaking process and thetactile map-readers may benefit from the cartographic communication process andsubsequent map conventions; and (c) to outline several projects (and their freeavailability) undertaken in an effort to investigate potential tactile mapconventions. 

[学科分类] 眼科学

[关键词] Anisopteromalus calandrae;venom transcriptome;venom gland;ectoparasitoid;insect pests