The metaphorics of erotic pursuit and sexual violence in classical mythology and its transformations by women poets

[摘要] ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The portrayal of heterosexual desire in classical myth is often ambivalent, without clear distinctions between seduction and sexual violence. The sexual exploits ofmale gods like Zeus, Apollo and Poseidon are frequently described, as Kate Nichols observes, with the term 'seduction, though the unions commonly involve 'sexual violence (109). The underlying imagery on which these tales are built is the metaphor of the hunt, which casts the male as predator and the female as prey, and involves a relentless attempt to capture and possess the woman sexually. An example is the tale of Apollo's pursuit of Daphne, where the god is compared to 'a wolf or 'a lion, the fleeing nymph to 'a lamb or 'a deer (Ovid 1.504-6). This portrayal of male desire as something that necessitates the overpowering of the female figure, often performed as an act of sexual violence, is revised by woman poets, who rewrite the tales of figures such as Daphne, Medusa and Leda in a manner that exposes this dynamic. In the word 'revision lies the concept of improving or rewriting, while the word mythopoeia is made up of the Greek words mythos (μῦθος), meaning 'tale or 'story, and poéia, semantically related to the verb poéõ (ποέω), meaning 'to make, which leads to the literal translation of 'story-making, or, as Alicia Ostriker and Deirdre Byrne word it, 'mythmaking (4, 71). When women writers engage in the making of myth by altering and transforming the original tales in their poetry, particularly in the case of accounts where distinctions between seduction and sexual violence are ambivalent, the lack of clarity that exists in the primary sources is erased through the creation of a new language and new focal points to effect their retellings. Inthe poetic re-appropriations of Medusa unpacked in this thesis, for instance, aspects such as rage, creative inspiration and sexuality are conveyed through the perspectives of female first-person speakers to grant the Gorgon a complexity and agency not present in the classical texts, whereas the revisions of Leda engage with the pertinent question of consent in all its capacities. Consequently, thisthesis considers the perspectives of the female figures of classical myth through the poetic re-appropriations of H.D. ('Pursuit, 'Leda), Edna St. Vincent Millay ('Daphne), Anne Sexton ('Where I live in this Honorable House of the LaurelTree), Sylvia Plath ('On the Difficulty of Conjuring Up a Dryad), May Sarton ('The Muse as Medusa), Carol Anne Duffy ('Medusa, 'Leda), Amy Clampitt ('Medusa), Eleanor Brown ('Leda, No Swan) and Maxine Kumin ('Pantoum,with Swan).

[发布机构] Stellenbosch University