Achieving a sustainable production in tropical forests depends, among other factors, upon the conservation of their useful wild plant species. A key element for such conservation is traditional local knowledge, since it allows a preliminary evaluation of the current situation of those species. With the purpose of contributing to the elaboration of an inventory of useful plants and to define some management and conservation priorities in two communities from la Mixteca Poblana in Mexico, 14 interviews and a participatory workshop were carried out at two communities in the municipality of Chietla, Puebla, Mexico. Uses, socioeconomic importance, and ecological potential for recognized plant species identified as relevant by local people were recorded; a principal factor analysis was carried out. At both communities, nine use categories were recognized; four of them (fuel, medicinal, food, and construction) were the most valued. At Huajotitlán, 139 useful species were reported. Palo dulce (Eysenhardtia polystachya), pitaya (Stenocereus stellatus), and palma (Brahea dulcis), were considered the most relevant for management proposals; cuachalalate (Amphipterygium adstringens), cuatomate (Solanum glaucescens), nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia), quina (Hintonia latiflora), and rabo de iguana (Havardia acatlensis) were priority species for reforestation. At Buenavista, 126 useful species were recognized; of these, only pitaya and palma were considered suitable for management and utilization strategies; ciruela (Spondias purpurea), palo dulce, and arnica (Colubrina triflora) were deemed convenient for reforestation purposes. The principal factor analysis ratified the importance of species at each community.
