A stylistic comparison of selected visual representations on Egyptian funerary papyri of the 21st Dynasty and wooden funerary stelae of the 22nd Dynasty (c. 1069 -715 B. C. E.)

[摘要] ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines illustrated funerary papyri and wooden funerary stelae forinformation they can provide about the organization of artists in the 21st and 22ndDynasty. It is an inquiry into the relationship between visual representation on thefunerary papyri of the 21st Dynasty and wooden stelae of the 22nd Dynasty. An attempt ismade to determine whether it is possible to identify the work of individual artists andworkshops involved in producing the illustrated funerary papyri and wooden stelae, andin what way they may be related. This study covers a representative sample ofworkshops or individuals from around the beginning of the 21st Dynasty to the early 22ndDynasty.Methodology involved undertaking the research on a descriptive andinterpretative/comparative level. Panofsky's (1972: passim) model for describing pictorialworks was used to interpret the iconography. The comparisons between the papyri andstelae were based upon a combination of the models developed by Freed (1996:passim) and Niwinski (1989a: passim). These models functioned as a control orcorrective in order to formulate an interpretation.It was possible to definitively place 208 manuscripts out of 214 papyri into sevenindividual workshops. This was based upon their stylistic similarities and correspondingcontent. Papyri Workshop 1 is comprised of fifty-six manuscripts, and constitutes thelargest group. The highest quality manuscripts were produced in this workshop, whichwas patronized by the high priests of Amun and their families. Papyri Workshop 2 is thesmallest group consisting of only seven manuscripts. These two workshops contain theearliest manuscripts, which were generally executed in the Ramesside tradition. PapyriWorkshop 3 contains the second largest grouping with fifty-two, and Papyri Workshop 4consists of eleven. The majority of the members of this workshop belong to ahomogenous, almost analogous group, in terms of content and composition. In thetwenty-five manuscripts that belong to Papyri Workshop 5, it can be observed that theartists have taken complete liberties with the mass of iconography at their disposal. Theyhave adapted and transformed the existing symbols into new compositions, so that notwo manuscripts are alike. Papyri Workshop 6 is comprised of thirty manuscripts, andPapyri Workshop 7 has twenty. As opposed to Workshop 5, these two workshopsdisplay an economy of style and execution. They are also generally outlined in black.Furthermore, several subgroups are evident in the workshops, especially those thatspan many decades, such as Papyri Workshop 1 and 3.From a comprehensive examination of 103 stelae, it was possible to group 100stelae into nine workshops. It is important to note that Stelae Workshop 1 is, in fact,linked to Papyri Workshop 1, to which thirteen stelae can be attributed. The stelaecontain the same attributes and style of execution as the papyri. Stelae Workshop 2consists of fifteen stelae, these are skilfully executed, and appear to be custom-made forthe deceased. Workshop 3 comprises of fourteen stelae. Stelae Workshop 4 containsfive, and Workshop 5 has nine. In contrast to Stelae Workshop 1, the principalrepresentations within the stelae from Stelae Workshops 2 to 5 are generallystandardized in form and format. Stelae Workshop 6 has six, while 7 and 8 are the twolargest workshops with sixteen members each. These three workshops represent ageneral degradation of proficiency, culminating in a provincial folk-art quality of StelaeWorkshop 7 and 8. Stelae Workshop 8 represents the final transition in style and formatto the stelae of the Late Period. Stelae Workshop 9 is comprised of five stelae. The styleof execution corresponds to the first phase of the Late Period stelae style.It is possible to observe the hand/s of individual artists or a master and student inthe study selection, even within one workshop.

[发布机构] Stellenbosch University