Despite the great number of studies using molecular biology tools several questions remain about the mechanisms of colorectal carcinogenesis. A recent concept has emerged from the literature regarding the existence of a specific group of indiferentiated cells situated at the bottom of intestinal crypts with a long life cycle that may last more than one year, described as intestinal stem cells. This particular property may explain the expected occurrence of a sequence of mutations necessary to the development of a carcinoma, which cannot be observed in a normal colonocyte with a mean cycle life of five days. Another important evidence to this concept is the induction in rodents of a tumor with similar characteristics to the original human carcinoma by injection of a small number of these stem cells, which is not achieved by using large number of normal cancer cells. It is suggested that mutation of APC gene, present as an early step in most colorectal carcinomas, may contribute to a superpopulation of intestinal stem cells with consequent disturbance of proliferative epithelial balance.
