Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair

[摘要] Mparecrucialfortissuerepairandregenerationbutcanalsocontributetotissuedamageandfibrosis.Mpcanadoptavarietyoffunctionalphenotypesinresponsetodifferentstimuli;twoofthebest‐characterizedinvitrophenotypesareaproinflammatory“M1”phenotype,producedbyexposuretoIFN‐γandTNF‐α,andananti‐inflammatory“M2a”phenotype,producedbyIL‐4orIL‐13.M2aMparefrequentlytermed“woundhealing”Mp,astheyexpressfactorsthatareimportantfortissuerepair.ThisreviewwillsummarizecurrentknowledgeofMpphenotypesduringtissuerepairandwillarguethattheseinvivoMppopulationsareheterogeneousandtemporallyregulatedanddonotconformtoexisting,invitro‐definedM1orM2phenotypes.Mpduringtheearlystagesoftissuerepairexhibitamoreproinflammatoryphenotypethantheirlatercounterparts,whichinturnmayexhibitsomeM2a‐associatedcharacteristics.However,phenotypicmarkersthatappeartobecoregulatedinculturedMpcanbeexpressedindependentlyofeachotherinvivo.Additionally,M1‐andM2‐associatedmarkersmaybeexpressedsimultaneouslybyactualtissue‐repairMp.ImprovedunderstandingofMpphenotypesandtheirregulationmayassistingenerationofnoveltherapiesbasedonmanipulatingMpfunctiontoimprovehealing...

[学科分类] 生理学

[关键词] wound healing;inflammation;cell therapy;fibrosis;M2a;regeneration