[摘要] Mutations in myosin VIIa (MyoVIIa), an unconventional myosin, have been shown to cause Usher Syndrome Type 1B in humans. Usher Syndrome Type 1B is characterized by congenital sensorineural deafness, vestibular dysfunction and pre-pubertal onset of retinitis pigmentosa. Mouse model studies show that sensorineural deafness and vestibular dysfunction in MyoVIIa mutants is caused by disruption in the structure of microvilli-like projections (stereocilia) of hair cells in the cochlea and vestibular organ. MyoVIIa has also been shown to affect adaptation of mechanoelectrical transduction channels in stereocilia.
In Drosophila melanogaster mutations in MyoVIIa encoded by crinkled (ck) cause defects in hair and bristle morphogenesis and deafness. Here we study the formation of bristles and hairs in Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the molecular basis of ck/MyoVIIa function and its regulation. We use live time-lapse confocal microscopy and genetic manipulations to investigate the requirement of ck/MyoVIIa function in various steps of morphogenesis of hairs and bristles. Here we show that null or near null mutations in ck/MyoVIIa lead to the formation of 8-10 short and thin hairs (split hairs) per epithelial cell that are likely the result of the failure of association of hair-actin bundles that in wild-type cells come together to form a single hair.
The myosin super family of motor proteins is divided into 17 classes by virtue of differences in the sequence of their motor domain, which presumably affect their physiological functions. In addition, substantial variety in the overall structure of their tail plays an important role in the differential regulation of myosin function. In this study we show that ck/MyoVIIa, that has two MyTH4 FERM domains in its tail separated by an SH3 domain, requires both MyTH4 FERM repeats for efficient association of hair-actin bundles to form hairs. We also show that the ;;multiple hair;; phenotype of over-expression of ck/MyoVIIa requires both MyTH4 FERM domain function but not the tail-SH3 domain. We further demonstrate that the tail-SH3 domain of ck/MyoVIIa plays a role in keeping actin bundles, which run parallel to the length of the growing bristle, separate from each other. Our data also suggests that the tail-SH3 domain plays a role in the association of the actin filament bundles with the membrane and regulates F-actin levels in bristles.
We further demonstrate that over-expression of Quail (villin) can rescue the hair elongation defects seen in ck/MyoVIIa null or near null mutants but does not rescue the split hair defects. We show that over-expression of Alpha-actinin-GFP, another actin bundling protein, phenocopies the multiple hair phenotype of ck/MyoVIIa over-expression. Over-expression of Alpha-actinin-GFP in a ck/MyoVIIa null or near null background shows that Alpha-actinin-GFP cannot rescue the split or short hair phenotype of ck/MyoVIIa loss-of-function. However, cells over-expressing Alpha-actinin-GFP in a ck/MyoVIIa null or near null background have more than the normal 8-10 split hairs, suggesting that Alpha-actinin-GFP over-expression causes the formation of more than the normal complement of hair-actin bundles per cell, resulting in a multiple hair phenotype. We show that Twinfilin, an actin monomer sequestering protein implicated in negatively regulating F-actin bundle elongation in stereocilia in a MyoVIIa-dependent manner, is required for F-actin bundle stability.
In addition, we use yeast two-hybrid strategies to identify Slam as a protein that directly binds to ck/MyoVIIa. We show that Slam, a novel membrane-associated protein, likely functions to regulate ck/MyoVIIa function during hair and bristle morphogenesis. We show that over-expression of Slam and loss-of-function mutations in Slam phenocopy ck/MyoVIIa loss-of-function split and short hair phenotype. We also show that disruption of Slam and RhoGEF2 association causes split hair defects similar to ck/MyoVIIa loss-of-function phenotype suggesting that Slam probably regulates ck/MyoVIIa function via RhoGEF2.
Together our results show that ck/MyoVIIa plays an important role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton that underlies actin-based cellular protrusions like hairs and bristles.
