Ultrasonography: Ariadne’s Thread in the Diagnosis of the Cardiorenal Syndrome

[摘要] Abstract The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes a broad spectrum of clinical conditions with four combinations of acute and chronic heart and kidney failure. Based on the pathophysiological primum movens, the actual classification recognizes five CRS types: in type I and II CRS, the initiating event is heart failure (acute or chronic), while it is kidney failure in type III and IV CRS; type V is linked to systemic diseases. Ultrasound techniques (echocardiography and ultrasonography of th.

[学科分类] 心脏病和心血管学

[关键词] Acute renal failure;Chronic renal failure;Heart failure;Ultrasonography